I-Hipnosis
Inkcazo
I-Hipnosis sisimo se-ngqondo esithile esenziwa ngumntu oqeqeshiweyo (igama eliqhelekileyo ngu-Umhipnotisi), apho umntu anikwa iingcebiso ezininzi zokuba azive aphumle, acose, aze agxile kakhulu, azive aphantsi kweengcinga, aze abe nako ukusabela kwizinto ezinikwa ngumhipnotisi. Ngokwesayensi, i-hypnosis ichazwa njenge "state yokugxila okukodwa kunye nokucengcelela". Akukho nto yobuganga okanye amandla angatolikiyo kuyo. Umntu ophantsi kwe-hypnosis akalahlwa ngumntu, yena uyazilawula izenzo zakhe kwaye akakwazi ukwenza into engafuniyo.
Eli gama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi hypnos, elithetha "ubuthongo". Nangona kunjalo, i-hypnosis ayifani nobuthongo. Umntu uyaphapha, uyawa, kwaye ngokubanzi uyazi into eyenzekayo. Ubuchule bomhipnotisi kukukhuthaza le meko yokugxila okunzulu ukuze kusetyenziswe iinjongo zokunceda, ezifana nokulwa nokutshaba ukutshaya, ukunciphisa iintlungu, ukulwa nolusu, nokunyanga iingxaki zengqondo ezithile.
Imbali
Ehlabathini Jikelele
Imikhosi yokucima iintlungu nokuvuselela iimeko zengqondo ibisetyenziswa kumagugu amaninzi, njengeziseko zamaYiputa mandulo, amaGriki, namaRoma. Kodwa igama elithi "hypnosis" laqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1842 ngugqirha waseSkotlani uJames Braid, owazama ukuchaza ngokwesayensi le nkqubo eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi-"mesmerism". U-Braid wafunda ukuba ukugxila kweengcinga kwinto enye kunokubangela isimo sokucengcelela, awayesithiya ngokuba "neuro-hypnotism". Emva koko, abanye iingcali zezengqondo ezinjengo-Sigmund Freud zasebenzisa i-hypnosis ekunyangelweni kweengxaki zengqondo, nangona kamva u-Freud wayiyeka esithi ayisebenzi kangako. I-20th leminyaka yabona ukuqina kwezifundo nge-hypnosis njengeyona ndlela isebenza ngayo yokunyanga, ngakumbi ekulweni nentlungu nasekuchaseni iinkathazo.
EMzantsi Afrika
Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezifana ne-hypnosis eMzantsi Afrika kunembali ende, nangona ingabizwa ngalo magama. Amagqirha angqongwe (amaxhwele) kumaXhosa, Izangoma kumaZulu, nabanini bamagugu abanye abantu base-Afrika babesebenzisa ukudlala ngengqondo, amayeza, nomculo ukunceda abantu ukuba baphume kwiimeko ezinzima zengqondo nokuba bachithe izifo. Le ndlela yokungena kwisimo sokugxila okunzulu iyafana nezinto ezenziwa yi-hypnosis yanamhlanje. Ngokwezifundo zamva, ukuqala kwe-hypnosis yesayensi eMzantsi Afrika kudibene neenguqu ezenzeke kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona. Amaqela anjenge-South African Society of Clinical Hypnosis (SASCH) asekwa ngama-1970s ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okusemthethweni nokunengqondo kwe-hypnosis ekunyangelweni. Namhlanje, iziko lezempilo i-University of Cape Town (UCT) nolunye uhlangothi lwezifundo zezengqondo luyayichonga i-hypnosis njengendlela yokunyanga esebenzayo.
Iintlobo
I-Hipnosis inokwahlulahlulwa ngeenjongo zayo nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo.
- I-Hipnosis yokuChazela (Suggestive Hypnosis): Luhlobo oluxhaphakileyo, apho umhipnotisi esebenzisa amagama acacileyo nokuchaza ukuze anike umntu iingcebiso ezinamandla xa esesimweni sokucengcelela. Ezi ngcebiso zinokuba ngeenkqubo zokuyekisa imikhuba emibi, ukulwa noloyiko, nokomelela umzimba.
- I-Hipnosis yeNgqondo eBuqamngeni (Cognitive Hypnosis): Idibana neengcinga neembono zomntu ngokuthe ngqo. Isebenza ngokutshintsha iindlela zokucinga neenkolelo ezingalunganga ezinokubangela ingxaki.
- I-Hipnosis Yokubuyela Emva (Regression Hypnosis): Indlela yokubuyisela umntu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngokomntu, ukuze kucaciswe nokulungiswa iingxaki zangoku ezinamathiselwe kwiziganeko zakudala. Luhlobo luyadibana kakhulu nokubuyiselwa emva kwexesha lokuzalwa nokufuna iindaba zangaphambili.
- I-Hipnosis yoQeqesho lweNgqondo (Self-Hypnosis): Ufundiso yokuba umntu azifundise ukuzifaka esimweni se-hypnosis ngokwakhe, ngaphandle komncedisi. Oku kusetyenziselwa ukuzilawula iinkathazo, ukukhulisa ukuzithemba, nokulungiselela iivoiko ezinkulu.
- I-Hipnosis yeQonga (Ericksonian Hypnosis): Igama layo livela kugqirha waseMelika uMilton Erickson. Luhlobo oluthe kratya noluciko, olusebenzisa izinganekwane, amabali, nentsingiselo engacaciyo ukuze kungenelele engqondweni engaqondakaliyo (unconscious mind) ngendlela engakhathaziyo.
Uphando lweSayensi
Uphando lwezinyanga nolunzululwazi lweengqondo luqinisekisile ukuba i-hypnosis ayinto yobuganga. I-SCAN (iimfanelo ze-Neuroimaging) zibonise ukuba xa umntu esesimweni se-hypnosis, iindawo ezithile zengqondo (ezifana ne-anterior cingulate cortex) ziyasebenza ngokukhethekileyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-hypnosis sisimo esikhethekileyo sengqondo, hayi ukulibaziseka okanye ukungakholwa.
Iifundo ezininzi zibonise ukusebenza kwayo kwii-:
- Ukulwa nentlungu: I-hypnosis isetyenziswa ngaphandle kwaye kwii-opereyshoni zokunciphisa iintlungu nokukhathazeka.
- Ukuchasana neenkathazo nolusu: Inokusiza ekutshintshweni kwezimo zengqondo ezinxulumene ne-PTSD, i-anxiety, nokudinwa kwengqondo.
- Ukunciphisa ukufuna ukutshaya nokunywebha: Iingcebiso ezinamandla zinganceda ekwenzeni umntu ayeke lo mkhuba.
- Ukunyanga iingxaki zokulala: Ukunceda umntu aphumle ngokwaneleyo ukuze alale kakuhle.
EMzantsi Afrika, izikhungo ezifana ne-South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) ziye zacela nokwenza uphando ngokusebenza kwe-hypnosis kwimeko yezempilo yomntu.
Ukusetyenziswa
I-Hipnosis isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi zempilo nempilo yengqondo:
- Ezonyango: Ekunyangelweni kweentlungu, ukulwa nokuhlupha komzimba, nokunceda ekunyangelweni kwezifo ezinjenge-irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
- UQeqesho lweNgqondo: Ekunyangelweni kwe-depression, phobias, i-stress, kunye nee-adictions.
- UQeqesho lweMpilo: Ekuncedeni abasoki nabanokutya ngokugqithisileyo ukuba bagcine isimo somzimba esihle.
- UQeqesho lweMpilo neMpumelelo: Ekomelezweni kobuchule, ukongezwa kokuzithemba, nokulungiselela iivoiko ezifana nokuxoxa phambi kwabantu okanye ukudlala imidlalo.
- UPhando lweNkundla: Kwimeko yobugwenxa, i-hypnosis inokusetyenziswa ukunceda abafakazi ukuba bakhumbule izinto ezinokubanceda kwingxaki, kodwa oku kuyadinga uggibelelo kuba kungabangela inkumbulo engathembekiyo.
Isimo seMthetho eMzantsi Afrika
EMzantsi Afrika, i-hypnosis ayilawulwa ngumthetho othe ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezonyango kufuneka kwenziwe ngabantu abaqeqeshekileyo kwezempilo. Oko kuthetha ukuba, ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa i-hypnosis ekunyangelweni kwezifo zengqondo, umntu kufuneka abe ngugqirha ophetheleyo, umongikazi oqeqeshiweyo, okanye uggirha weengqondo (psychologist) ofumene uqeqesho olufanelekileyo kwi-hypnotherapy.
I-SASCH inika uqeqesho oluvunywe ngurhulumente (HPCSA registered) kubaqeqeshwa bezempilo kuphela. Ukusebenzisa i-hypnosis "ngokwezentlalo" – umzekelo, kwiividiyo zokuzonwabisa okanye kwiinkonzo zokuzijongela – akuvumelekanga ukuba kwenziwe ngumntu ongenalo igunya lokunyanga, kwaye kungakhokelela ekutshutshisweni kwabantu. Ngoko ke, ukhetho olusemandleni kukuba ukhangele umntu ofumene igunya kwi-HPCSA okanye i-SASCH xa ufuna unyango.
Iimvakalelo zeNkcubeko
Kwiinkcubeko ngeenkcubeko zaseMzantsi Afrika, kunokungavumelani kwemiqondo malunga ne-hypnosis. Abantu abaninzi abaqhelene neendlela zaseNtshona zokunyanga bayayamkela i-hypnosis njengendlela yokunyanga esemthethweni nesesayensi. Kwiinkcubeko zase-Afrika, ukungena kwisimo sokugxila okunzulu (okanye ukuthonywa) kuyinto eqhelekileyo kumakhubalo nezangoma, kodwa abanye bangayibona i-hypnosis yaseNtshona njengendlela yokukhupha izinto ezingafunekiyo kwinkcubeko yabo.
Kukho nokoyika okuthile, okususelwa kwimibono yobuKristu enqanda izinto ezinxulumene nokuthakatha nokudlala ngamandla angatolikiyo. Abanye abantu bangayibona i-hypnosis njengento enobungozi nokuba idibene namandla kaSathana. Oku kuyinto ephikisana nayo, kuba i-hypnosis yeyonyango ngeengcebiso, ayinalwazi lokubiza iimoya. Ukufundisa nokwazisa abantu ngokwenene kwayo kuyinto ebalulekileyo ukuze basuse le ngcinga.
Abasebenzisi abaphawulekayo baseMzantsi Afrika
- UDkt. David Rosenstein: Ungumphengululi weengqondo (clinical psychologist) waseKapa owaziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe kwi-hypnotherapy, ngakumbi ekusebenzeni nabantu abane-PTSD noloyiko olukhulu.
- UDkt. Rona Bernstein: Ungugqirha wezengqondo (psychiatrist) osebenza eGoli, unobuchule ekusebenziseni i-hypnosis ekunyangelweni kweengxaki zokutya nokuhlutha.
- UJane Moffat: Ungumqeqeshi we-hypnotherapy osebenza eThekwini, onentshisekelo kukusiza abantu abanesifo sicasaka (asthma) nokunye ukuhlupha komzimba ngendlela yengqondo.
- I-South African Society of Clinical Hypnosis (SASCH): Ayisiyonto yomntu, yinto yamaqumrhu abalulekileyo aqhubeka aqeqeshe abanye abanini-zifundo ngeendlela zokusebenzisa i-hypnosis ngokusesikweni nangokunengqondo eMzantsi Afrika.